Finding an electric shaver capable of tackling a thick beard can be challenging. The best models combine powerful motors, sharp blades, and versatile features to cut through dense hair without irritation. The Philips Norelco OneBlade 360 stands out for its flexibility and ease of use, while the Braun Series 7 7032cs delivers premium performance with advanced technology. However, tradeoffs often involve balancing power, comfort, and price. Continue reading for a detailed breakdown of the top options and what makes each unique in this demanding category.
Get home appliances delivered free — and shop member deals
- Fast, free delivery on millions of items
- Access to Prime Big Deal Days deals on October 6–7
- Prime Video, Amazon Music and more included
Complete the kit
Key Takeaways
- Powerful motors are essential for effectively trimming thick beards without pulling or snagging.
- Flexible head designs and multi-directional blades improve cutting efficiency in dense facial hair.
- Wet & dry functionality adds convenience but may slightly increase the price for features you might not need.
- Maintenance and build quality are critical for long-term reliability when handling thick, coarse hair.
- More expensive models tend to offer better durability and comfort, but mid-range options can still deliver impressive results.
| Philips Norelco OneBlade 360 Hybrid Face Trimmer and Shaver, 5 Length Comb |  | Best Versatile Grooming Tool for Thick Beards | Blade Technology: OneBlade | Blade Speed: 12,000x/min | Protection System: Dual Protection with glide coating and rounded tips | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Braun Series 3 3010s Wet & Dry Electric Shaver for Men |  | Best Budget-Friendly Shaver for Thick Beards | Model: 3010s | Waterproof: Yes, up to 5 meters | Power Source: Rechargeable NiMH batteries | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Panasonic ARC5 Electric Razor for Men, 5-Blade Wet Dry Electric Shaver |  | Best Close Shave with Advanced Blade Technology | Number of Blades: 5 | Blade Type: Nanotech 30° blades | Shaving Modes: Wet and Dry | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Men Electric Razor, Wet & Dry USB-C Shaver with Pop-up Trimmer |  | Best Flexible Rotary Shaver with Fast Charging | Shaving Head: 3D floating rotary | Use: Wet & Dry | Charging: USB-C | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Braun Series 3 Electric Razor with Precision Trimmer, Rechargeable, Wet & Dry Foil Shaver for Men |  | Best All-Around Value for Thick Beards | Blade System: 3 floating blades with MicroComb | Shaving Elements: 2 SensoFoil | Battery: Ni-MH rechargeable | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Philips Norelco 2400 Series Electric Shaver |  | Best Overall for Sensitive Thick Beards | Model: 2400 Series | Blade Type: Self-sharpening ComfortCut blades | Number of Flex Heads: 4D | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Philips Norelco 3600 Electric Shaver, Storm Blue |  | Best for Comfortable Contours with Sensitive Skin | Blade Type: Self-sharpening ComfortCut Blades | Number of Blades: 27 | Pivot & Flex Heads: 5D | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Braun Series 7 7032cs Flex Electric Razor for Men |  | Best for Versatile Grooming and Long Battery Life | Model: 7032cs | Color: Silver | Power Source: Rechargeable Li-Ion battery | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Remington F5 Power Series Foil Shaver for Men |  | Best Budget-Friendly for Thick Beards with Moderate Coarseness | Shaver Technology: Pivot & Flex Foil, Intercept Technology | Battery Life: 60 minutes | Charge Time: 24 hours | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Ufree Foil Shaver for Men, Electric Razor |  | Best for Short Stubble and Precise Grooming | Blade Material: Titanium | Adjustable Speeds: 3 | Motor Speed: 6500/7000/7500 RPM | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| electric shavers for thick beard | Battery Life |
|---|---|
| Philips Norelco OneBlade 360 H | 45 minutes |
| Braun Series 3 3010s Wet & Dry | — |
| Panasonic ARC5 Electric Razor | — |
| Men Electric Razor | 75 mins |
| Braun Series 3 Electric Razor | — |
| Philips Norelco 2400 Series El | — |
| Philips Norelco 3600 Electric | — |
| Braun Series 7 7032cs Flex Ele | 50 minutes |
| Remington F5 Power Series Foil | 60 minutes |
| Ufree Foil Shaver for Men | 150 minutes |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Philips Norelco OneBlade 360 Hybrid Face Trimmer and Shaver, 5 Length Comb
The Philips Norelco OneBlade 360 stands out for its ability to handle trimming, edging, and shaving with a single device. Unlike traditional razors, its flexible blade contours to facial features, making it comfortable for thick beards that require precision. While it can’t shave as close as a traditional foil shaver like the Braun Series 3, it excels in maintaining beard lengths and shaping, especially with the 5-in-1 comb. Its waterproof design allows for wet or dry use, offering convenience in cleanup and application. The tradeoff is that the blade lasts up to 4 months, leading to additional replacement costs, and it doesn’t fully replace a close shave for those seeking a clean, smooth face. This pick works best for those who want a multi-functional grooming device that manages thick facial hair without daily shaving routines.
Pros:- Versatile for trimming, edging, and shaving in one device
- Flexible blade contours to facial features for comfort
- Waterproof design supports wet and dry use
Cons:- Does not shave as close as traditional razors
- Replacement blades needed every 4 months
- Battery life may be limited for extensive use
Best for: Men who want a versatile grooming tool capable of trimming and shaping thick beards with ease
Not ideal for: Those seeking a razor that delivers the closest shave possible, especially for daily clean-shaving routines
- Blade Technology:OneBlade
- Blade Speed:12,000x/min
- Protection System:Dual Protection with glide coating and rounded tips
- Adjustable Comb:5 settings from 1-5mm
- Blade Material:Stainless steel
- Battery Life:45 minutes
- Waterproof Rating:IPX7
Our verdict“Best suited for grooming enthusiasts who need a flexible, all-in-one beard maintenance device.”
Braun Series 3 3010s Wet & Dry Electric Shaver for Men
The Braun Series 3 3010s offers a reliable shave at an affordable price, with its three-pressure-sensitive shaving elements designed to handle thicker facial hair better than basic models. Compared to the Panasonic ARC5, it may not provide as close a shave or feature a pivoting head, but its simplicity and quick 5-minute charge make it appealing for everyday routines. Its waterproof feature supports wet or dry shaving, and the 30-minute runtime is decent for moderate grooming needs. The main tradeoff is its limited trimming options and lack of advanced features, making it less suitable for detailed beard shaping. This shaver is ideal for those seeking a straightforward, durable solution for thick beards without extra bells and whistles.
Pros:- Affordable price with reliable performance
- Waterproof for wet and dry use
- Quick 5-minute charge for short grooming sessions
Cons:- Limited to basic shaving features without advanced trimming
- Shave time per full charge is relatively short
- NiMH batteries may have reduced lifespan over time
Best for: Budget-conscious men who need a dependable, easy-to-maintain shaver for thick facial hair
Not ideal for: Groomers who want detailed trimming or a closer, more refined shave routinely
- Model:3010s
- Waterproof:Yes, up to 5 meters
- Power Source:Rechargeable NiMH batteries
- Charge Time:1 hour
- Use:Wet & dry
- Shave Time:30 minutes
Our verdict“A practical choice for men seeking an effective, no-frills shaver for thick beards on a budget.”
Panasonic ARC5 Electric Razor for Men, 5-Blade Wet Dry Electric Shaver
The Panasonic ARC5 is distinguished by its five ultra-sharp 30° Nanotech blades, which deliver an exceptionally close shave, especially on thick beards. Its flexible pivoting head contours smoothly to the face, outperforming simpler models like the Braun Series 3 in closeness. However, this precision comes with increased maintenance, as five blades require more cleaning and replacement over time. The wet/dry capability allows use in the shower or with foam, adding convenience. The 1-hour charge time is a minor tradeoff compared to the quick charges of some competitors. This razor is ideal for those prioritizing maximum closeness and detailed grooming, but less so for users seeking a low-maintenance or budget-friendly option.
Pros:- Provides an exceptionally close shave with five sharp blades
- Flexible pivoting head contours to facial features
- Wet/dry design supports versatile use
Cons:- Requires more frequent cleaning and blade replacements
- Expensive compared to basic models
- Full charge takes 1 hour, which may be long for some users
Best for: Men who want a close, comfortable shave and are willing to handle more maintenance for quality results
Not ideal for: Those looking for a simple, low-cost shaver that requires minimal upkeep
- Number of Blades:5
- Blade Type:Nanotech 30° blades
- Shaving Modes:Wet and Dry
- Charging Time:1 hour
- Motor Speed:14,000 cpm
- Features:Multi-flex pivoting head, LCD battery indicator
Our verdict“Best suited for men who prioritize maximum closeness and detailed grooming over convenience and cost.”
Men Electric Razor, Wet & Dry USB-C Shaver with Pop-up Trimmer
This USB-C powered rotary shaver excels in versatility thanks to its 3D floating cutter heads, which adapt to uneven, thick beards for a smooth shave. Its fast USB-C charging and 75-minute battery life make it highly convenient for travel and busy schedules. Compared to the Panasonic ARC5, it offers better flexibility for contouring thicker or more stubborn facial hair, though it lacks a waterproof rating, which limits wet use in certain environments. The included pop-up trimmer adds to its grooming versatility. A notable tradeoff is the limited information on blade replacement, which could be a concern for long-term maintenance. This shaver makes the most sense for men wanting portability, quick charging, and effective handling of thick facial hair.
Pros:- Flexible 3D floating heads for close, adaptable shave
- USB-C fast charging with long battery life
- Includes a pop-up trimmer for detailed grooming
Cons:- No waterproof rating specified, limiting wet use
- Battery life may vary with usage
- Limited info on blade replacement and maintenance
Best for: Travelers and busy men who need a flexible, fast-charging shaver capable of handling thick beards
Not ideal for: Those who prefer waterproof devices or detailed beard styling features
- Shaving Head:3D floating rotary
- Use:Wet & Dry
- Charging:USB-C
- Battery Life:75 mins
- Accessories:Travel pouch
Our verdict“Ideal for on-the-go men who want a quick, adaptable shave capable of managing thick beards.”
Braun Series 3 Electric Razor with Precision Trimmer, Rechargeable, Wet & Dry Foil Shaver for Men
The Braun Series 3 combines affordability with effective performance on thick facial hair, thanks to its three-blade floating system that adapts to the face’s contours. Its SensoFoil blades provide a comfortable shave, especially for sensitive skin, and the included precision trimmer helps with detailing thick beards. Compared to the Panasonic ARC5, it offers less closeness but easier maintenance and longer-term durability. Its 45-minute runtime per charge, along with quick 5-minute boosts, makes it suitable for regular use. The main drawback is that over years, battery capacity diminishes, requiring more frequent charging. This model makes the most sense for those who want a dependable, low-cost solution that handles thick beards reasonably well without fuss.
Pros:- Affordable with effective beard handling
- Waterproof for versatile wet/dry use
- Includes a precision trimmer for shaping
Cons:- Battery capacity can decline over years
- Less close than multi-blade or foil shavers
- Requires regular cleaning for optimal performance
Best for: Men seeking a reliable, budget-friendly foil shaver with trimming capabilities for thick facial hair
Not ideal for: Groomers who need maximum closeness or detailed beard shaping regularly
- Blade System:3 floating blades with MicroComb
- Shaving Elements:2 SensoFoil
- Battery:Ni-MH rechargeable
- Runtime:45 minutes
- Quick Charge:5 minutes
- Waterproof:Yes
Our verdict“A solid choice for budget-conscious men wanting a durable, all-around shaver for thick beards with basic trimming features.”
Philips Norelco 2400 Series Electric Shaver
The Philips Norelco 2400 Series stands out for its ability to deliver a fast, comfortable shave, especially for those with sensitive skin and thick facial hair. Its 27 self-sharpening ComfortCut blades and 4D Flex Heads contour to facial curves, ensuring a close shave without irritation. Compared to the Braun Series 7, it offers a more budget-friendly option with similar contour-following features, but the tradeoff is a shorter 2-year warranty and no power adapter included. The wet/dry capability adds convenience, making it versatile for different routines. This model is ideal for users who prioritize comfort and sensitive skin but are okay with a shorter warranty period and missing accessories.
Pros:- Fast, irritation-free shave suitable for sensitive skin
- Contours well with flexible 4D heads for close results
- Can be used wet or dry for versatile shaving routines
Cons:- Power adapter not included, requiring additional purchase
- Limited to a 2-year warranty, shorter than some competitors
Best for: Individuals with sensitive skin needing a quick, irritation-free shave for thick beards
Not ideal for: Heavy users who want a long warranty or prefer having a power adapter included
- Model:2400 Series
- Blade Type:Self-sharpening ComfortCut blades
- Number of Flex Heads:4D
- Shaving Options:Dry and Wet
- Includes:Shaver, pop-up trimmer, p-cap, USB-A charging cable
- Power Adapter:Not included
- Warranty:2 years
Our verdict“This shaver makes the best choice for those seeking a gentle, efficient shave for thick beards with sensitive skin issues.”
Philips Norelco 3600 Electric Shaver, Storm Blue
The Philips Norelco 3600 Series excels in providing a comfortable, close shave for thick beards, especially for those with sensitive skin. Its 27 self-sharpening blades combined with 5D pivoting heads ensure better facial contour following than many 3D or 4D models, like the Norelco 2400. Its ability to be used wet or dry offers added convenience, but like the 2400, it lacks a power adapter and has a limited 2-year warranty. The inclusion of a travel pouch and USB charging makes it suitable for frequent travelers. It’s best suited for those valuing a smooth, comfortable shave with excellent flexibility but who are okay with the shorter warranty period and missing accessories.
Pros:- Excellent contour following with 5D pivoting heads
- Suitable for wet and dry use, adding versatility
- Includes travel pouch and USB charging for portability
Cons:- Power adapter not included, requiring extra purchase
- Limited to 2-year warranty, similar to other models in this range
Best for: Sensitive skin users who want a flexible, contour-following shaver for thick beards on the go
Not ideal for: Budget-conscious buyers who prefer a longer warranty or a included power supply
- Blade Type:Self-sharpening ComfortCut Blades
- Number of Blades:27
- Pivot & Flex Heads:5D
- Color:Storm Blue
- Includes:Travel pouch, USB-A charging cable
- Power Adapter:Not included
- Warranty:2 years
Our verdict“This model is perfect for sensitive-skinned users seeking a flexible, comfortable shave that adapts well to facial contours.”
Braun Series 7 7032cs Flex Electric Razor for Men
The Braun Series 7 7032cs is a highly adaptable shaver that excels in handling thick beards through its 360° Flex adaptive system and AutoSense technology. Its wet & dry capability, combined with a quick 5-minute charge, makes it ideal for busy mornings or travel. Compared to the Philips options, the Braun offers a broader grooming toolkit with attachments for trimming and body grooming, adding to its versatility. However, this added functionality comes with a higher price tag and the need for regular replacement of foil and attachments. The long 50-minute cordless runtime is a plus, but some may find the multiple attachments unnecessary for straightforward beard trimming.
Pros:- 360° Flex system for a close shave in tricky areas
- Wet & dry use with waterproof design
- Includes multiple attachments for grooming versatility
- Long battery life with quick 5-minute charge
Cons:- Higher price point compared to basic models
- Requires regular replacement of foil and trimmer heads
- Some users may find the attachments unnecessary
Best for: Men wanting a versatile, long-lasting shaver with grooming attachments for thick beards
Not ideal for: Those on a tight budget or who only need a simple shaver without extra grooming tools
- Model:7032cs
- Color:Silver
- Power Source:Rechargeable Li-Ion battery
- Battery Life:50 minutes
- Charging Time:1 hour
- Quick Charge:5 minutes
- Waterproof:Yes
- Included Attachments:Beard Trimmer, Body Groomer, Stubble Trimmer
Our verdict“This shaver is best for users who want a durable, adaptable grooming device capable of managing thick, coarse beards with extra grooming features.”
Remington F5 Power Series Foil Shaver for Men
The Remington F5 Power Series offers a balanced approach for thick beards, especially when regular maintenance is possible. Its Intercept Shaving Technology and flexible foils help improve comfort and closeness over traditional foil shavers. Compared with the Braun Series 7, it provides a more affordable option, but it also requires a longer 24-hour charge before first use, which could delay initial grooming. The 60-minute cordless runtime is decent, yet its effectiveness may diminish on very coarse or curly hair. Easy water-based cleaning adds convenience, but frequent head replacements—every 6 months—are needed for optimal performance, which adds ongoing costs.
Pros:- Provides a close, comfortable shave with flexible foils
- Long battery life with 60-minute runtime
- Easy to clean with washable head
Cons:- Requires 24 hours to fully charge before first use
- Heads need replacement every 6 months for best results
- Less effective on very coarse or curly hair
Best for: Budget-conscious men who need a reliable, easy-to-maintain shaver for thick but not extremely coarse hair
Not ideal for: Heavy, coarse beards requiring more aggressive or specialized tools for effectiveness
- Shaver Technology:Pivot & Flex Foil, Intercept Technology
- Battery Life:60 minutes
- Charge Time:24 hours
- Voltage:100–240V
- Includes:Pop-up detail trimmer, cleaning brush, power adapter
- Warranty:2 years
Our verdict“This shaver is suitable for budget-minded users who want a decent shave on thick beards without demanding extreme coarseness or curliness.”
Ufree Foil Shaver for Men, Electric Razor
The Ufree Foil Shaver is tailored for quick, close shaves on short stubble, featuring sharp titanium blades and adjustable speeds. Its powerful motor and sleek metal body make it comfortable to hold and effective on less coarse facial hair. Compared with the Philips models, the Ufree offers more speed options but is limited to short hair (less than 1/25 inch), making it less suitable for thick, coarse beards that require more aggressive trimming. Its 150-minute runtime after a 2-hour charge is impressive, but the lack of a cordless charging option and restriction to short hair means it’s best for quick touch-ups rather than full beard grooming.
Pros:- Sharp titanium blades for close, skin-friendly shaves
- Adjustable speeds for customized grooming
- Long battery life with quick charging
Cons:- Requires corded operation—no cordless charging
- Limited to short hair (<1/25 inch), not suitable for thick beards
- Less effective on coarse, curly hair without trimming first
Best for: Men with short, manageable stubble who want a fast, precise shaver for quick grooming sessions
Not ideal for: Men with very thick, coarse, or curly beards needing more power or longer hair trimming capabilities
- Blade Material:Titanium
- Adjustable Speeds:3
- Motor Speed:6500/7000/7500 RPM
- Battery Life:150 minutes
- Charging Time:2 hours
- Body Material:Metal
- Suitable Hair Length:Less than 1/25 inch
Our verdict“This shaver works best for short stubble and quick touch-ups rather than thick, coarse beards requiring more aggressive trimming or longer hair handling.”
How We Picked
These products were evaluated based on their motor power, blade sharpness, and cutting technology to ensure they can handle thick beards smoothly. Usability factors like comfort, ease of cleaning, and wet/dry versatility were also considered, as these influence daily grooming routines. Build quality and durability were key, since heavy, coarse hair demands a reliable device that won’t clog or dull quickly. Price-to-performance ratio played a role in ranking, with a focus on models that offer the best value for those dealing with thick facial hair. Ultimately, the top picks balance power, comfort, and longevity for users with dense beards.Factors to Consider When Choosing Electric Shavers For Thick Beards
Choosing the right electric shaver for a thick beard involves more than just selecting the most powerful model. It’s about finding a device that combines strength with comfort and durability. Consider how often you shave, your budget, and whether you prefer wet or dry use. Paying attention to these factors can help you avoid common pitfalls like choosing a device that’s underpowered or difficult to clean. Let’s look at the key considerations that will help you make a smart decision.Motor Power and Cutting Performance
For thick beards, a powerful motor is non-negotiable. Look for shavers with high RPM and strong torque to cut dense hair efficiently. Lower-powered devices may tug or pull, leading to irritation or uneven trims. Models with advanced blade technology, such as multi-directional blades or foil systems, can significantly improve cutting performance. Remember, more power often means a higher price, but investing in a robust motor can save you frustration and time in the long run.
Blade Technology and Design
Blade design is critical for dense hair. Sharp, durable blades that can handle coarse strands without dulling quickly are essential. Foil shavers with multiple cutting elements or rotary heads with flexible pivot points tend to adapt better to thick beards. Some models feature self-sharpening blades or coated edges to maintain sharpness longer. Choosing the right blade technology can dramatically improve your grooming experience by reducing passes needed and minimizing skin irritation.
Wet & Dry Functionality
Deciding whether to go for a wet & dry shaver depends on your grooming routine. Wet models are easier to clean and allow for shaving with gel or foam, which can soften thick hair and reduce irritation. Dry-only devices are often more straightforward and sometimes less expensive, but they might not provide the same comfort. If you prefer flexibility and comfort, especially for thick, coarse beards, a wet & dry model could be worth the extra investment, though it might involve more maintenance.
Ease of Maintenance and Durability
Thick beards can clog shaver heads quickly, making ease of cleaning vital. Look for models with washable heads and simple cleaning mechanisms. Durability also matters—coarse hair exerts more wear on blades and motors, so choose devices with sturdy build quality and accessible replacement parts. Regular maintenance prolongs the lifespan of your shaver, ensuring it remains effective over time despite the challenges posed by dense facial hair.
Price and Value
While high-end models often deliver superior power and comfort, they come at a premium. Mid-range options can offer excellent performance for thick beards at a more accessible price point but may lack some premium features. Consider your budget carefully: investing in a slightly more expensive model now could reduce the need for replacements or repairs later. Balance your desire for advanced features with the practical need for durability and performance tailored to dense hair.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use a foil shaver for a very thick beard?
Yes, many foil shavers are designed with powerful motors and multiple cutting elements that can handle thick beards effectively. Look for models with high RPM and flexible foil heads that can adapt to dense, coarse hair. However, some foil shavers might struggle if they lack sufficient power, so reading reviews focused on performance with thick beards is advisable. For best results, choose a model specifically recommended for dense facial hair to avoid tugging or incomplete cuts.
Is wet & dry shaver better for thick beards?
Wet & dry shavers can be advantageous because they allow you to soften thick hair with gel or foam before shaving, reducing irritation and improving closeness. They also tend to be easier to clean, which is important when dealing with coarse hair that can clog devices. However, they often come at a higher cost and may require more maintenance. If comfort and convenience are priorities, a wet & dry model is generally a good choice for thick beards.
How often should I replace the blades on my electric shaver?
Blades should typically be replaced every 12-24 months, depending on usage and hair type. For thick beards, blades tend to dull faster due to the increased resistance from coarse hair. Regular cleaning and proper maintenance can extend blade life, but monitoring cutting performance is key—if you notice pulling or tugging, it’s time for a replacement. Investing in a shaver with easily replaceable blades or foils makes this process simpler and more cost-effective.
Are rotary shavers better than foil shavers for thick beards?
Rotary shavers often excel at adapting to facial contours and can handle dense hair with flexible, spinning heads. However, foil shavers typically provide a closer shave and are better suited to precise trimming of thick, coarse hair when equipped with powerful motors. The choice depends on your grooming style: rotary models offer more versatility for irregular hair growth, while foil shavers deliver a cleaner cut in fewer passes. For very thick beards, a high-performance foil shaver might be preferable, provided it has sufficient power.
What features should I prioritize in a shaver for a thick beard?
Focus on models with high motor power, sharp blades, and flexible head designs to manage dense hair efficiently. Wet & dry capability adds convenience, especially if you prefer softening hair before trimming. Durability and ease of cleaning are also vital, as thick beards can clog devices quickly. Finally, consider ergonomic design and cordless operation for comfort during daily grooming—these features enhance overall usability and help maintain consistent results.
Conclusion
For those seeking a reliable, all-around performer, the Braun Series 7 7032cs offers a blend of power, comfort, and durability, making it ideal for most users with thick beards. Budget-conscious shoppers who want solid performance without breaking the bank should consider the Philips Norelco 2400 Series or Remington F5 Power Series. Beginners or those new to electric shavers will benefit from models with simple operation, like the Ufree Foil Shaver. Premium buyers demanding the best in comfort and longevity may lean toward the Panasonic ARC5 or Braun Series 7. Ultimately, your choice depends on your grooming routine, budget, and how dense your beard is.
Fall yard work Picks
leaf blowers
As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.
